New experimental complex of the Tien Shan mountain cosmic ray station incorporates a set of detector subsystems for simultaneous investigation of different components of extensive air showers (EAS) which arise from interaction of the (1-100) PeV cosmic ray particles in atmosphere. Thus, a wide-spread system of the charged particles detectors is used for the measurement of local density of EAS...
Muon puzzle is a growing with cosmic ray energy excess of muons in EAS in comparison with simulations performed using various models of hadron interactions and even assuming a heavy composition of cosmic rays. The main contribution to investigation of the energy dependence of the muon excess was done by NEVOD-DECOR experiment. To separate two possible reasons of muon excess appearance...
The Yakutsk Extensive Air Shower Array has been continuously operating for more than 50 years (since 1970) and up until recently it has been one of world's largest ground-based instruments aimed at studying the properties of cosmic rays in the ultra-high energy domain. In this report we discuss results recently obtained at the array --- on cosmic rays energy spectrum, mass composition and...
The Sydney University Giant Air-shower Recorder (SUGAR) measured the muon component
of extensive air showers from muon-detector readings. Data of SUGAR allows us to reconstruct
the empirical dependence of muon density on the distance from the axis of the shower -lateral
distribution function (LDF). We compare this function with the predictions of hadronic interaction
model QGSJET-II-04 for...
I am presenting an update of the results from the Working group on Hadronic Interactions and Shower Physics (WHISP) on the meta-analysis of muon measurements. In this analysis, muon data from several experiments from a few PeV to tens of EeV were combined and studied in a unified framework. Above 10 PeV, we find a muon excess with respect to simulations for all hadronic interaction models...
Autumn 2018, the working group WHISP had compiled the results of various experiments in which cosmic ray muon bundles were registered. In some experiments, an excess of the number of muons is observed in comparison with Monte-Carlo simulations with different hadronic interaction models at energies of primary nuclei above 10 PeV. However, not all experiments showed an excess. We present a...
Using of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques in data analysis becomes a mainstream today and is presented in papers of leading experiments. These modern methods allow sometimes to increase the accuracy of for example mass composition reconstruction significantly. In current work ML and DL are applied for core location, zenith angle estimation, primary energy and mass...
Abstract.
Studying the spectrum of secondary particles at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at energies equivalent to 1-100 PeV in the laboratory system, scaling behavior is observed. At the same energies, a number of effects are observed in cosmic rays (CR) that are incompatible with this behavior. In the spectrum of extensive atmospher showers (EAS), a break (knee) is observed at an energy of...
For the period from 1957 to present time the results of observations of charged particle fluxes in the atmosphere of the northern and southern polar latitudes and the middle nothern one at the altitudes from the ground level up to 30-35 km are presented. The questions of the long-term modulation effecrts and its relationships with solar activity are discussed.
Cosmic rays are the main...
he current knowledge and ideas, obtained from groundlevel observations and concerning the solar modulation of cosmic rays, are reviewed. The following topics are discussed:
observations of the cosmic ray modulation at the Earth and main characteristics of the accumulated experimental data; manifestations of the solar magnetic cycle in cosmic rays; the effect of hysteresis and its relation to...
The detector complex of the Tien Shan mountain station provides a mean for studies in the different ranges of experimental geophysics. The particles detectors of the station can be used for monitoring of the various types of radiation background. The system of high- altitude detectors permit to register the flow of particles accelerated by atmospheric electric field in thunderclouds, while...
Among the factors of space weather, one of the most dangerous phenomena is radiation. Radiation in space exists due to the presence of charged particles of different nature and creates problems for the "vitality" of not only the spacecraft, but also of humans. The main radiation threats are solar and galactic cosmic rays, fluxes of precipitating magnetospheric particles and trapped particles...
Research in cosmic rays is of interest for many fields of science: from Astrophysics and Solar Physics to the forecasting of magnetic storms or vulcanology. For such purposes many detectors using different techniques have been designed and are operative all around the world. A common feature of most of the neutron and muon monitors used at the Earth's surface for the regular survey of the...
A review is given of some results of diagnostics of the electromagnetic characteristics of the heliosphere and Earth's magnetosphere within the framework of the model of modulation of cosmic rays by large-scale electromagnetic fields of the heliosphere, obtained by the method of spectrographic global survey from ground-based observations of cosmic rays on the world network of stations.
TAIGA (Tunka Advanced Instrument for cosmic ray physics and Gamma Astronomy) Astrophysical complex is being developed for studies of gamma rays and charged cosmic rays in the energy range of 10^13 - 10^18 eV. The complex is located in the Tunka Valley, about 50 km from Lake Baikal. In this report we present the experiment status and plans for study of high-energy cosmic-ray physics as well as...
The determination of the mass composition of primary cosmic rays is at present stage the crucial issue for understanding their origin and propagation through the interstellar medium. The mass composition above $10^{14}$ eV is inferred from the extensive air shower (EAS) observations by comparisons with simulations results, which rely on accurate description of air shower physics including...
In the last two decades the new expeimental data on cosmic rays about energy spectra in a wide energy range up to 10^13 eV, isotropy, ratio of positron flux to electron one, and others were obtained. These data came from balloons and mainly from satellites. It is difficult to understand and to explain these experimental data within a generally accepted framework of cosmic ray sources, namely,...
In the last decade, measurements of the cosmic ray (CR) nuclei in the GV–TV rigidity region by new-generation balloon-borne and satellite instruments allowed to establish new features in CR spectra. It was found that both spectra of most abundant primary CR nuclei and the secondary cosmic rays at rigidity $R > 100−200$ GV exhibit a hardening with increasing rigidity. Thus they deviate from a...
Despite the long-term operation of large ground installations, the problem of sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) is still far from its solution. An important step towards solving thе problem may be the use of a new technique for registering extensive air showers (EAS) in the atmosphere of Earth, namely measuring a fluorescent track from orbit. This observation method allows one...
With increased statistics, the energy spectrum of cosmic rays reveals peculiar features at the highest energies that will be discussed in this contribution. In addition, knowing the composition of cosmic rays is important to be able to understand the data. Our composition measurement, as provided by the depth of the shower maximum and fluctuations of this depth can be compared to measurements...
The origin，acceleration and transport mechanisms of the cosmic rays are fundamental but yet unresolved problems that have been the focus of astroparticle physics researches. The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO), which will be completed by the end of 2021, is a new generation hybrid experiment with the advantages of high sensitivity, high duty cycle and large field of view....
Diffusive shock acceleration and production of non-thermal emission in galactic supernova remnants is briefly reviewed. We describe gamma ray and X-ray observational features of young and old remnants. The corresponding discussion of Galactic cosmic ray origin is given.
Supernova remnants are established sources of gamma-ray emission, detected from space and from ground. To establish this source class as accelerators of the bulk of Galactic cosmic rays has nevertheless proven to be challenging. I will review the observational status of ground-based observations and discuss their implications.
I will give a short overview of high energy diffuse gamma-ray emission measured by the Fermi LAT and H.E.S.S. experiments. The talk will consist of two parts. In the first part I will talk about the diffuse emission itself, what it can teach us about Galactic cosmic rays (CRs), the search for sources of PeV CRs, populations of faint Galactic and extragalactic sources. In the second part I will...
The ShICRA SB RAS has been conducting theoretical and experimental studies of cosmic rays and their modulation in the heliosphere for over 60 years. The results of experimental studies of variations in the cosmic ray intensity include the creation of original methods for the primary processing of the registration data of neutron monitors and muon telescopes, in particular, the methods of...
The analysis of atmospheric muons detected in the LVD underground low-background experiment (Gran Sasso, Italy) has been completed. The average intensity of the registered muons is 3.31 × 10−4 m −2 s −1. The paper presents measurements of seasonal variations of muons in different directions.
The low-energy background, which is registered by the detector, also experiences seasonal (annual)...
The results of a complex approach to the study of sensitivity of spatial distributions of electron and muon components of extensive air showers (EAS), measured by scintillation detectors, to variations in the temperature profile of the atmosphere are presented.
To describe the lateral dependence of the spatial distribution function of electrons in electron-photon cascades, the method of the...
The very local interstellar spectra (vLIS) for protons and total Helium (He), amongst other galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), were observed in situ by Voyager 1 below about 340 MeV/nuc since it had moved across the heliopause (HP). The latter is considered to be the boundary where the solar modulation (GCRs) commences. Together with high precision PAMELA and AMS observations above 50 GeV at the...
The presence of antinuclei in cosmic rays remains one of the most intriguing questions of modern physics, with several ongoing or planned experiments looking for traces of antinuclei in space near Earth. An observation of antideuteron or antihelium nuclei in cosmic rays would most probably mean a breakthrough in searches for "new physics", as the antinuclei production from ordinary collisions...
CMS measurements of inelastic diffraction are reviewed. Agreement of newly
obtained results on diffraction in pPb collisions in parallel with
previously obtained results on diffraction in pp collisions with
generators, in particularly with cosmis ray generators, is discussed.
I discuss the physics content of the QGSJET-III model,paying a particular attention to the treatment of higher twist and color fluctuation effects. The consequences for the energy dependence of both interaction cross sections and particle production will be analyzed. Further, the implementation of the pion exchange mechanism will be described, concentrating on its relevance to the...
Currently, EPOS-LHC is the public EPOS version, heavily used by experimental groups in high energy and cosmic ray physics. It is based on an S-matrix approach, being the ideal framework for multiple scattering in small systems. However, factorization and binary scaling does not come for free, it is a very complex issue, and in the current model it is simply not properly done. Another topic...
Program CORSIKA is the unique and the most common tool for Monte-Carlo simulation of the formation and development of extensive air showers. CORSIKA offers the user a set of hadronic interactions models for both high and low energies, leaving the choice of the model to the user. Thus the comparison of these models is of particular interest.
In the work, four CORSIKA models for high energy...
Muonography is an analog of other concepts as x-ray graphy, electronography, neutronography etc. based on the registration of penetrating radiation, the interaction of which with investigated objects causes some changes in the initial flux of used particles. Unlike all other particles, the fluxes of which are formed artificially, muons are of natural origin, because they are formed as a result...
The fundamentals of the muonography method are presented, and an overview of the main major experiments is presented. The results of modern muonographic studies in Russia, carried out on the basis of this method with the use of emulsion track detectors, are presented.
Cosmic ray muons arriving from the upper hemisphere to the Earth's surface, are currently used to develop methods of muonography (analogous to radiography) of the internal structure of large-scale objects and relief, such as volcanoes, blast furnaces, nuclear reactors, etc. The article discusses various aspects, methods and specific examples of penetrating muonography, in particular, as...
Thunderstorms, being one of the dangerous atmospheric phenomena, are studied by means of various methods. Measurements of the muon flux variations using muon hodoscopes offer a tool for detection, study and possible prediction of the thunderstorm activity.
The URAGAN muon hodoscope (MH), located in Moscow, Russia, allows simultaneous detection of muons from all directions of the upper...
Extreme events in the heliosphere that lead to anomalous muon flux variations, registered by the URAGAN muon hodoscope (MH), developed by MEPhI, are analyzed. MH measures two-dimensional muon flux intensity distribution functions (MFIDF) for a system of solid angles with a predefined sampling step, that are concatenated into matrix data time series of muonograms – the MFIDF outpur data from...
Variations in the intensity of cosmic rays observed in the depth of the atmosphere include the atmospheric component of the variations. Muon telescopes of cosmic rays, along with the barometric effect, have a significant temperature effect due to the instability of the detected particles. These variations, caused by changes in atmospheric temperature, are superimposed on continuous...
A wide-angle Cerenkov array TAIGA-HiSCORE (FOV ~0.6 ster), was originally created as a part of TAIGA installation for high -energy gamma-ray astronomy and cosmic ray physics. Array now consist on nearly 100 optical stations on the area of 1 km$^2$. Due to high accuracy and stability (~1 ns) of time synchronization of the optical stations the accuracy of EAS arrival direction reconstruction...
Future space-based GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope will operate aboard Russian astrophysical observatory in the highly elliptic orbit during 7 years. Observing gamma-ray sources from Galactic plane, gamma-ray bursts, emission from diffuse gamma rays, the Sun, dark matter particles will be performed uninterruptedly for a long time (~100 days) in point-source mode in contrast to scanning mode for...
Axion-like particles (ALPs) are a generic prediction of many extensions of the
Standard Model. They are very light pseudo-scalar bosons which mainly couple
to two photons. In the presence of an external field, photon-ALP oscillations
take place. They play a leading role in very-high-energy (VHE) astrophysics.
The aim of my talk is to report on two hints at ALPs. One comes from the fact...
The Baksan Neutrino Observatory setups are currently performing search for neutrino and ultra-high-energy gamma ray counterparts of gamma-ray bursts and neutrinos on the GCN/TAN. GCN/TAN (The Gamma-ray Coordinates Network, Transient Astronomy Network) is a system for distributing alerts from gamma-ray bursts, transients. Muon neutrinos and antineutrinos with energies above 1 GeV are...
Full-particle Monte-Carlo simulations of extensive air showers (EASs)
induced by 0.3-30 TeV cosmic gamma-rays and cosmic ray protons
as well as of Cherenkov radiation generated by such showers have
been carried out. Further modeling of Cherenkov photon transport in the
optical system and camera of a ~10 m(2) mirror area imaging Cherenkov telescope
based of modern OnSemi/MicroFJ silicon...
Since its first detection by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory in 2013, the diffuse flux of astrophysical neutrinos has been confirmed in several channels with increasing significance and precision. With a decade of IceCube data, we have now gained a solid picture of the astrophysical neutrino flux from the TeV up to the PeV range. Another significant milestone was the announcement of the first...
The CALorimetric Electron Telescope CALET is collecting science data on the International Space Station since October 2015 with excellent and continuous performance.
Energy is measured with a deep homogeneous calorimeter (1.2 nuclear interaction lengths, 27 radiation lengths) preceded by an imaging pre- shower (3 radiation lengths, 1mm granularity) providing tracking and $10^{-5}$...
The DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is a satellite-borne,
calorimetric type, high-energy-resolution space cosmic ray and gamma-ray detector.
It was launched in December 2015 and has been stably operated for more than five
years. Precise measurements of the all-electron, proton and Helium spectra in wide
energy ranges have been obtained, shedding new light on the research of cosmic...
AMS is a multi-purpose high energy particle detector designed to perform high precision direct cosmic ray measurements onboard of the International Space Station. AMS can measure and identify cosmic ray nuclei with unprecedented precision and, thanks to its large acceptance and the long exposure time, it is able to provide precision studies of cosmic ray nuclei in the GV-TV region. In 10 years...
As of today, the PAMELA experiment is widely known amongst the researchers specializing is the physics of cosmic rays. Application of obtained scientific results ranges from hypothetical dark matter particles, to galactic objects and properties of interstellar medium, solar and solar-terrestrial physics, as well as physics of near-Earth space. Despite the end of the flight stage of the...
Current status and preliminary design of the High-Energy Ray Observatory (HERO) are presented. The HERO is planned to be launched onboard a heavy satellite. This experiment is based on the application of a deep and wide aperture ionization calorimeter with mass from 10 to 70 tonns. The effective geometrical factor of the observatory varies from 12 to 62 m2sr respectively, depending on the mass...
Report will review and discuss possible mechanisms of generation of high and ultra high energy cosmic rays and gamma radiation.
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a cubic-kilometer Cherenkov detector in the deep ice at the geographic South Pole, accompanied by a surface detector array, IceTop. The dominant event yield in the deep ice detector consists of penetrating atmospheric muons with energies above several 100GeV, produced in extensive air showers. In addition, IceTop measures low-energy muons around 1 GeV at the...
